dizionario tecnico scientifico in inglese

Dizionario tecnico scientifico in inglese

Con lo sviluppo della tecnologia, la lingua inglese da tempo, ormai, è entrata di prepotenza nel linguaggio di tutti i giorni. E gli addetti ai lavori spesso ricorrono all’inglese perché esprime in modo più conciso concetti e tecniche.
Il boom di Internet, poi, ha ulteriormente ampliato l’impiego dell’inglese a tutti i livelli.
In questa pagina web trovate alcuni dei principali vocaboli tecnici.

Dizionario tecnico inglese

Vocaboli e termini tecnici in inglese

Dizionario - glossario di termini tecnici in inglese Glossary of technical terms

Amperage
This is a name sometimes used in place of current. It is used because the electrical current is measured in Amperes (Amps). By definition, 1 Ampere = the current that will cause silver to be deposited at a rate of 0.001118 grams per second when passed through a solution of silver nitrate.

Charge
The electric charge of an object is a measure of how much electricity is there. It is similar to the mass of an object when you are dealing with gravity, but unlike mass charge can be either positive (+) or negative (-). At the atomic level charge is measured in multiples of the charge on an electron (-1), in larger cases the usual measurement is the Coulomb.

Conductor
A conductor is a material that allows electricity to move through it easily. That is, it is a material with low electrical resistance, one in which a fairly small voltage will produce a fairly large current. The opposite of an insulator.

Coulomb
The Coulomb is the unit normally used to measure large charges. 1 Coulomb = the amount of electricity passing a given point in 1 second at a current of 1 Ampere.

Current
The electrical current is simply a measure of how much electricity passes a given point in a fixed amount of time. It is similar to the current of a stream or river, which measures how much water passes a given point in a fixed amount of time. Electrical current is measured in Amperes (Amps)

Electric Field
The space near a charged BODY where other charges are affected. Similar to the gravitational field near a planet, except that it can also repel. The term is also used to describe how the field will affect other charges (which way and how much it will accelerate them).

Faraday Cage
The name given to a device that shields its inside from electric fields generated by static electricity. Usually a complete conductive shell, it collects stray charges and, because like charges repel, stores them on the outside surface (where they can be further apart than on the inside). The electric fields generated by these charges then cancel each other out on the inside of the cage. Often used to protect sensitive radio equipment.

Frequency
For an alternating current, the frequency is the number of times that the current goes through a complete cycle per second. It is measured in Hertz (cycles per second).

Ground
The ground is an arbitrarily decided point whose voltage is taken as zero. In many situations, equipment is connected physically to the actual, dirt ground, so that voltage is taken as zero--hence the name. In England the term "earth" is used, for the same reason. To be "grounded" means to be connected to a place that is maintained at the ground voltage.

Induction
Induction is the process by which charge is moved in a conductor by the presence of an electric field. In wires this will lead to a current, in discrete conducting objects it will lead to local charging--ie. the side near the inducing charge will become the opposite charge and the far side will acquire a similar charge leaving the overall charge of the object unchanged.

Insulator
An insulator is a material that electricity has a hard time moving through, if it can at all. For a true insulator it takes a very high voltage to produce any current at all, and that often results in damage to the insulator. The opposite of a conductor.

Ohm
The Ohm is the unit of electrical resistance.

Resistance
Electrical resistance is a measure of how hard it is for a current to pass through a given material. It is similar to the way that it is harder for you to walk through water than air. It is usually measured in Ohms.

Static Electricity
Static electricity (or just "static") is the name used to cover those phenomena that involve charges that are not moving (much)--ie. they are static. The other form of electrical phenomena is current electricity, where the charges are moving in a large-scale, organized way.

Transformer
A transformer is simple a device that transforms electricity form one voltage to another. The power coming out of the transformer cannot exceed that going in, so the output current is reduced in direct proportion to the gain in voltage.

Voltage
Voltage is a measure of the force on a unit charge at a given point in space due to all the other "local" charges. It is similar to the gravitational pull on a unit mass in space, except that, since charges can be + and -, the force can be attractive or repulsive. 1 Volt = force required to produce a current of 1 Ampere in a wire of 1 Ohm resistance.

Termini tecnici informatica - computer in inglese

Glossary - A Terms

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)

A Microsoft-specified format for saving audio and/or video clips, referred to by Windows as “Video for Windows.” You can play the files through the Media Player in Windows or through many popular browser plug-in multimedia players. Files of this type have a .avi extension.
Average Selling Price (ASP)

This term is used in the microchip manufacturing world. Companies like AMD and Intel strive for high ASPs. The ASP is an indication not only of direct profits, but how well a company is keeping up with the technology curve. It is not uncommon for Intel to have an ASP of around US$100 and AMD to be close behind.
Availability

A measure of how much time a network or a connection is running. Generally the equation is: Time Running / Time Measured (time running divided by time measured). Thus, if you measured something for 20 minutes and it was only up for 19 of them, you’d have 95% availability.
Authentication

A process of proving the identity of a computer or computer user. For users, it generally involves a user name and password. Computers usually pass a code that identifies that they are part of a network.
AUI

A synonym for the 10Base5 Thicknet Ethernet standard.
Audio Video Interleave (AVI)

An Intel specification designed to move the analog I/O functions of sound cards and modems onto a riser card. It allows motherboards to have an I/O slot built into them to make it easier to integrate audio and modem functions onto a motherboard. The specification does not define “an aftermarket standard I/O slot,” according to Intel. Basically, the slot is supposed to be filled when you buy a motherboard, with the motherboard manufacturer’s choice of modem/audio functions.
ATX12V

A superset of the ATX form factor that is used for systems with the Pentium 4 processor. It features a power supply with an extra four-pin connector for 12 volt power to the motherboard so that the processor has enough power. There is also a 6-pin auxiliary connector for additional 3.3 or 5 volt power.
ATX Form Factor

The ATX form factor specification takes the original Baby AT-sized motherboard, rotates it 90 degrees, and calls for a power supply with a side-mounted fan that cools not only the power supply, but also the processor and add-in boards. This new approach was designed to lower costs and provide better motherboard placement in an ATX case. In addition, the ATX form factor introduced a large set of I/O ports that are wired directly to the motherboard, and standard support for PS/2 keyboard and mouse connections.
ATX (ATX form factor)

A file embedded in an e-mail message. It is possible to have one or more attachments embedded in an e-mail message. If you are sending or receiving attachments, you must have an e-mail client that supports MIME encoding, or the attachments will show up in encoded form, which basically looks like a large block of numbers and letters.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

A networking protocol initially designed to move multimedia data around with high reliability and speed. It uses small, fixed-size cells of data that can be more easily controlled and kept at specific service levels than TCP/IP. Some ISPs use ATM as the protocol for their backbones.
ATL (Active Template Library)

A group of routines provided by Microsoft that can be used to help more easily create ASP, ActiveX, and COM objects in C++.
ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface)

This interface is part of EIDE, and it allows a PC to control CD-ROM drives and tape drives across the IDE interface.
ATA/133 (Ultra ATA/133)

This refers to what is most probably the final extension to the parallel ATA connection standard. The proposal was created by Maxtor, and allows a top data transfer rate of 133 megabytes per second. Intel didn’t support this standard in its chipsets, instead opting to wait for Serial ATA. See Serial ATA for further details.

Bytes per second (Bps)

This is generally a measure of how fast some device communicates, usually in thousands of bytes per second (KBps) or millions of bytes per second (MBps). See also bits per second. If you’ve got a capital B, you are talking Bytes, not bits.
Byte

Simply put, it’s 8 bits. Think of it as a string of 1s and 0s that represents a number from 0 to 255. For example “01100101″ is one byte of information, whereas “0″ or “1″ are bits of information.
Business to Consumer (B2C)

A form of doing business that deals with selling goods and services to the consumer marketplace. Examples of this would be selling consumer electronics, toys, or pet supplies. This contrasts with the business to business model.
Business to Business (B2B)

This term is often used to describe websites that sell goods or services to other businesses. Thus, businesses are serving other businesses as opposed to consumers.
Bus Topology

This network topology has computers connected to a strand of network cabling that is connected to network repeaters at one end and terminated at the other. If you break part of the cable or remove the terminator, all machines on that segment lose communication with the network. 10Base2 was a widely used bus topology network in its day.
Bus speed

A measurement, usually in MHz, of how many times data can be transferred over the bus per second.
Bus mouse

A mouse that uses the smaller 6-pin connector instead of your computer’s serial port. Also referred to as a PS/2 mouse because of its early adoption in the IBM PS/2 series of computers.
Bus

A bus is simply a data path between devices. The computer’s system bus is what peripherals use to send and receive data from the processor and main memory. You can think of a bus as a set of wires connecting multiple devices.
Burst EDO RAM (BEDO RAM)

A type of EDO RAM that can read three consecutive memory locations in three clock cycles–a 1-1-1 burst. This makes BEDO RAM much faster at reading large blocks of data than standard EDO RAM. However, it cannot operate faster than 66MHz, limiting its applications in today’s computers. Burst EDO was never more than a niche technology.
Burn in

The running of repetitive tasks on a computer to ensure that the computer is functioning properly. It also describes what can happen to older CRT screens when the same image is shown on them for long periods of time. An impression of the image is burnt into the screen, permanently damaging it. Screensavers were created to prevent this.
Burn (v. to burn)

Widely used slang that describes the creation of a CD-R disc. During the creation of a CD-R, a laser is used to burn tiny holes inside the disk media.
Bulletin Board System (BBS)

A bulletin board system used to describe message boards that people would dial into directly with modems before the Internet was easily accessible. Instead of dialing into a network where everything is connected, you had your choice of a group of BBSs to dial into, and each one tried to offer the most members, files, and graphics to its members. Typically you paid for access on a monthly basis. More recently, the term describes Internet-based message boards or forums.
Bulk Copy Program (BCP)

A program used to copy databases or parts of databases in Sybase and Microsoft SQL Server environments. It was at first a command line program, but graphical interface programs have been put on top of it to make it more friendly.
Bug

This is commonly an error in design or programming in a hardware device or piece of software. The effects of a bug may be as harmless as an extra graphic on the screen, or as harmful as a system crash or loss of data. The first computer “bug” was a real bug, a moth, in fact, that was stuck between relays back in an early computer in 1945. See also Feature

Cylinder

This term is somewhat synonymous with the tracks on a hard disk drive. However, instead of a single track, a cylinder refers to the location of all the drive read and write heads, typically accessing multiple platters. Thus, when these tracks are mentally pictured, they are stacked up like a cylinder. Since all the heads are locked together, a specific cylinder number is equivalent to a track number on a specific platter, but refers to all platters at once. Got it? Whew.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

A test to see whether data has been transferred properly over a modem or to and from disk media. The sender of the data adds a check number to the end of the data being sent, and the receiver applies the same check to the data and compares the number it gets with the check number. If they don’t match, the data can be requested again.

Cyborg

A person who is partially flesh and bone, but has one or more robotic appendages electronically linked to his or her nerves. Often, a cyborg is said to be half human and half machine. For example, the “Terminator” character is a robot covered with human tissue–this is not a true cyborg. As well, a human with an artificial limb that is removable is not a cyborg. For a true cyborg it is hard to tell internally where the human ends and the robotic parts begin, and hard to separate one from the other. The Borg characters from Star Trek could be said to be true cyborgs, as they have a series of implants that truly merge flesh and machine (Robocop as well).

Cyberspace

This term was coined to refer to the vast expanses of the Internet. Just as space is infinite, the Internet is, well, pretty darn big. It just sounded cooler than “Internet” to the news media.

CXT Core

AMD added a feature to its K6-2 processor, running at 400MHz, called write combining, that queues up memory requests until there is a sufficient amount to fill the bus. So, AMD refers to processors with this technology as having the CXT Core.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

A class of enterprise software that enables a large company to manage all contact (or “touches”) that it has with its customers. It would track, for example, calls to tech support, faxes, e-mails, direct mail, telephone contacts, and any other contact that a company would have with a customer and vice-versa. This information can be used for analysis of customer relationships, and gives salespeople an understanding of what to say when calling up a customer.

Customer Information Control System (CICS)

Not to be confused with CISC, CICS is online transaction processing application server software originally written by IBM for mainframes for dealing with customer information and transaction processing in the enterprise. Now versions of CICS are available for UNIX and x86 platforms as well.

Cursor

This is often represented by a blinking line or square on your computer screen. The cursor is there to let you know where information will be displayed when you type on a keyboard. Many program manuals make reference to the cursor and describe where it should be placed so that you can enter information into software properly. You can use the pointer to place the cursor.

Ctrl (Control Key)

A key on a computer keyboard that typically adds 64 bits to the ASCII value of a key being pressed. Based on the program that is running, it can have different effects. It was added to create more key combinations besides just using the Shift key. In selection of items, holding down the Ctrl key will typically allow you to select or de-select a single item from a group without affecting the rest of your selection.

CTO (Chief Technology Officer)

An executive title related to CIO, usually at a medium or large-sized company. The CTO is, however, more focused on the use of technology in products developed by the company and technology delivered to external customers. CTOs are typically more technical than CIOs.

CTI (Computer Telephony Integration)

Simply put, this represents the integration of a computer and telephone. Its serious uses include phone registration, fax-back systems, and other systems that record or supply information by simple touch-tone telephone access. A basic use of this technology would be using your computer/modem as an auto- dialer so you don’t have to push the buttons on your phone.

CSV (Comma Separated Values)

A file extension used for a flat text data file consisting of items of data separated by commas. Each line of data is separated by a carriage return.

CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit)

A piece of hardware that you use to translate the digital data frames of a T1 line into a 10BaseT connection where Internet connectivity is concerned. If the T1 lines are used for voice connections, a CSU/DSU is required to translate the digital frames into signals that your office phone switch can interpret. Basically, the phone network/Internet consists of a bunch of CSU/DSUs talking to one another. When you lease a T1 line, your provider typically supplies you with a CSU/DSU, often with a setup cost. A synonym for CSU/DSU is DSU/CSU.

CSS

see Cascading Style Sheets or Content Scrambling System

Csel (Cable Select)

This is basically Plug-and-Play ATA. You plug in your ATA/IDE hard drives, set them to CSEL (Cable Select), and they determine whether they are master or slave automatically, saving you from manual configuration.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

This is the most common form of computer memory. It needs to be continually refreshed in order to properly hold data, thus the term “dynamic.” If the power goes off, DRAM loses all of its data, thus making it a bad choice for long-term storage of data. The bonus to DRAM is that it’s very fast, much faster than Flash memory or other non-dynamic memory.

Dynamic Power Management Architecture (DPMA)

This architecture allows computers to have a variety of advanced power management features.

Dynamic Link Library (DLL)

A library of procedures that programs can call on. The DLL produces output related to the supplied input. DLLs can be somewhat of a black box, as you don’t really need to know what’s inside them, just what they do.

Dynamic HTML (DHTML)

This was independently defined by Microsoft and Netscape and implemented in version 4 of their browsers to allow for more dynamic and user-interactive Web pages, and better positioning of Web elements. Both the Netscape and Microsoft versions of dynamic HTML include some support for Cascading Style Sheets, which is a real standard defined by the World Wide Web Consortium.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

A method of automatically assigning a TCP/IP address to a client. A DHCP server is used to dole out a TCP/IP address from a pool of TCP/IP addresses to a client that supports DHCP. When you connect to your ISP over a modem or broadband you are typically assigned a dynamic (non-static) TCP/IP address via DHCP. The big advantage to DHCP is that you don’t need to manually assign a TCP/IP address to a client–the DHCP server takes care of that. After an amount of time passes where the client does not contact the server, the server puts the TCP/IP address of the client back into the pool to be assigned to that client or any other client hat requests a TCP/IP address. The disadvantage of DHCP for the DHCP client is that the client is not guaranteed to have a particular TCP/IP address at any given time. For that you want a static IP address.

Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)

A method of exchanging data between applications on MacOS, Windows, and OS/2 operating systems. DDE is similar to OLE, but predates it. It enables multiple applications to have access to the same data, such as a word processor having data from a spreadsheet pasted into it. Changes made in either application to the data are reflected in the main document.

DVI (Digital Video Interface)

A connection standard for linking a video card and a display that requires a digital signal, such as an LCD panel. Analog video signals can also be used with the DVI interface. It has 24 pins, 12 for each channel. A single channel can handle 1600×1200 resolution at 60Hz. Dual channels can do 2048×1536 or even higher resolutions.

DVD-RAM

The DVD-RAM standard uses media that can be written and read multiple times, like RAM chips. The first DVD-RAM media held 2.6 GB worth of data per side, and had to be manually flipped over to access the other side. Updates to the standard allowed full 4.7 GB DVD capacity. DVD-RAM drives can read standard DVD disks, but need a special caddy to hold the disks. DVD-RAM media is shaped like the caddy and cannot be inserted into standard DVD drives. DVD-RAM is on the way out.

DVD-RW

The rewriteable form of DVD-R. It is being added on to some DVD-R drives to add functionality. DVD-RW disks can write 4.7 GB of data.

DVD-R

This standard is to DVD-ROM like CD-R is to CD-ROM. It uses 4.7 GB disks that can only be written to once, and which then can be read by standard DVD-ROM drives. Apple embraced this standard early, and it is already an entrenched standard that Gateway is also supporting.

DVD+RW

This standard reads standard DVD-ROM discs, and reads and writes to DVD+RW media.

DVD+R

This standard writes to DVD+R media and is write once read many (WORM). It is being pushed by HP, Dell, and others as the next de facto DVD writing standard, along with DVD+RW.

DVD (Digital Variable/Versatile/Video Disc)

This is much like a CD-ROM except that it stores over 7 times as much data in its simplest form. DVD is the successor to CD-ROM technology. DVD discs are the same size physically as CD-ROM discs, but hold between 4.7-18 GB of data using dual-layer and double-sided discs. The first wave of DVD drives were read-only devices, but newer versions (such as DVD-R/+R/-RW/+RW/-RAM) are beginning to work with write-once and rewriteable media.

Duplex

A telecommunications term that describes part of the communications between a local modem and a remote computer. In full duplex mode, the remote computer is set up to return the characters that are sent to it so that they can be displayed on your screen. In half duplex mode, the remote computer does not return the characters sent to it. Also see full duplex and half duplex for descriptions of the those terms in other contexts.

Dumb Terminal

These are hooked up to mainframes, and are little more than a monitor attached to a keyboard. All they are good for is running programs using the mainframe’s hard drive and memory, thus the “dumb” in the name.

Extranet

An intranet that extends onto the Internet. Confusing? Yes, at first. Extranets are external extensions of a company’s intranet that allow certain people to interact from the Internet. For example, you could offer part of your company’s website to be accessed by customers, but not the general public. That’s an extranet. Not all intranets are extranets.

Extension (File Extension)

DOS, Windows, and, to a lesser extent, UNIX and Linux use the last three characters of a filename, after a period, to signify what type of file a file is, such as text, movie, sound, etc. The MacOS has a file system that contains an identifier for file types that is invisible when looking at the filename, and allows you to call files whatever you want without a messy extension on the end. Some common examples are: .exe (executable file), .bat (batch file), .wav (wave sound file), and .txt (text file).

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

A standard created by the W3C. It is a language with many similarities to HTML. What XML adds is the ability to define custom tags, such as , and define the meaning of those tags within the XML document itself–thus the term “extensible.” You can extend the XML language easily. XML is becoming more and more common as more browsers and webservers support it. It is also a very flexible way to exchange data over the Web and interpret and use data from other websites.

Extended System Configuration Data (ESCD)

Setup data that is stored in a Plug-and-Play-compatible system BIOS. It consists of the system resource requirements of legacy (non-PNP) devices, and the last working configuration of Plug-and-Play-compliant devices. Plug-and- Play devices that have ESCD entries will use the same resources each time the system boots–as long as no new hardware has been added. This ensures a stable configuration. Plug-and-Play OSes such as Windows 95 and its successors have access to the ESCD, as you would guess if you’ve ever had to manually change device configurations in Windows (by using the “Device Manager”).

Extended partition

A type of partition that is an extension of a primary partition. It’s possible to have many extended partitions on a hard drive.

Extended Data Out RAM (EDO RAM)

The successor to standard fast page DRAM. It’s a conceptually faster RAM chip that has small bits of SRAM cache built into it. It still runs at slow DRAM speeds (

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)

A way of encoding 256 characters in binary, much like ASCII, but used mainly on mainframes. Most of the time EBCDIC is only mentioned in translations between EBCDIC and ASCII.

Export

When you export data you are taking that data from a program, database, or file and saving it in another format that is generally easier to manipulate or pull into a different program. An example would be pulling data from a SQL database and saving it as text so that you can use it in a mailmerge. Thus, the exporting frees the mailmerge program from having to understand the complex SQL format–it just needs to understand the exported text file.

Exploit (n. exploit)

A means of gaining access to a computer system, typically through a known bug in a program or operating system. Many webservers on the Internet that are not up to date with security patches are vulnerable to exploits, and the effects of these exploits are seen when malicious worms run rampant and spread to unpatched systems.

Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)

This is Intel and Hewlett-Packard’s invention, designed to be used on Intel’s Itanium processor. It is a method for arranging instructions so that they are ordered to be explicitly parallel. That is, multiple instructions can easily be executed at once, assuming that the hardware supports it. Intel’s IA-64 architecture, including Itanium processors, is designed to get the most out of instructions arranged in this manner.

Expansion Slot

Any type of slot in a computer into which you can plug an expansion card. Examples include ISA, EISA, PCI, and PCMCIA, but there are other types and there will be more in the future.

Expansion Card

This is generally a printed circuit board that can be plugged into a computer, and is designed to increase the functionality of that computer.

Execution Unit

The part of a microprocessor pipeline that actually follows and runs the instructions that are sent to the CPU after the instructions are decoded.

Exabyte (EB)

This is 2^60 bytes or 1024 petabytes. See also petabyte.

EULA (End User License Agreement)

The contract found in most software packages that describes the rights to which the user of the software is entitled. Typically, it will explain how many people can use the software, whether it can be used on multiple machines, and whether it is transferable.

Fuzzy Logic

Logic without an absolute true or false. Instead, you have gradients of true and false. This is necessary for solving some problems, especially those involving artificial intelligence. For example, the question, “Do I get some food now?” isn’t always yes or no, and varies due to environmental factors and degrees of hunger.
Fuse

A device used to protect devices from excessive electrical current. It contains a conductor that melts and breaks the current flow when too much electricity flows through it. Once a fuse is blown it must be replaced with another one to close the circuit and allow electricity to flow again.
Function key (F1, F2, etc.)

One of the set of 12 keys at the top of a standard computer keyboard. These keys are labelled F1 through F12. The keys are basically general purpose extra keys so that programmers can assign the keys to special functions in their programs. One handy and common use of F3 in applications is to “Find again,” or find the value again for which you most recently searched.
Full Screen Anti-Aliasing (FSAA)

A method used by 3D graphics cards to provide anti-aliasing to all objects in a 3D environment. This acts to smooth out the jagged appearance of edges on some 3Dobjects. Different graphics cards have different implementations of FSAA, and image quality varies greatly.
Full parity

This is synonymous with full duplex, but most often used when describing dial-up modem communications standards.
Full Duplex

Originally this referred to a communication between a modem and a remote system, where characters were sent both ways over the phone line so that they could be accurately displayed on a terminal. Now full duplex has taken on the meaning that signals can be sent in both directions at the same time, such as in network communications. This either requires twice the amount of wires or differing frequencies for each type of signal so they do not interfere when on the same wire. Full duplex network connections are preferred, especially for servers, which must send and receive a lot of data.
FUD (Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt)

The practice of spreading general unease about a situation where all the details are not known or not controllable. Don’t let FUD ruin your day.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

A common method of moving files from system to system using TCP/IP. To work properly, it requires an FTP client to contact an FTP server in order to transmit data back and forth.
FSB (Front Side Bus)

The speed of the bus connecting the microprocessor, its chipset, and connected main memory. In architectures where the processor interacts directly with main memory, the definition of a singular front side bus is less clear. In such a case you would have to specify two FSB speeds, one for the connection to main memory and one for the connection to the processor chipset.
FSAA (Full Screen Anti-Aliasing)

One quadrillionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000,000,000 seconds). See also picosecond.
Front-end

The part of a program or process that the user interfaces with and controls. See also back-end.
Front Side Bus (FSB)

A document that lists the most common questions about something (with the answers, of course). A simple way to find information on a complex topic is to do an Internet search for _topic_ FAQ, where _topic_ represents the topic for which you are looking.
Frequency Modulation (FM)

A method of sending and distinguishing radio signals by modifying the frequency of the radio wave. See also AM.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Any system that uses graphics to represent the functions of a program. All Windows operating systems are GUIs.

GTLP (Gunning Transceiver Logic Plus)

This is an improvement to the GTL standard that allows for bus operation at speeds of between 60 and 125MHz typically. It remains a parallel signaling standard.

GTL+ (Gunning Transceiver Logic Plus)

This is an improvement to the GTL standard that allows for bus operation at speeds of between 60 and 125MHz typically. It remains a parallel signaling standard.

GTL (Gunning Transceiver Logic)

A low-power standard for electrical signals used in CMOS circuits which allows for low electromagnetic interference at high speeds of transfer. GTL requires only 50% voltage swings to switch between on and off states, which is a small deviation compared to previous technologies. GTL is a parallel bus standard that typically operates at speeds of between 20 and 40MHz.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

A 2G digital standard for cellular phone communications that is used in many countries. GSM communications bands range from 900-1800MHz. The GSM initials were initially derived from the French “Groupe de travail Sp�ciale pour les services Mobiles.”

Ground

Electrically speaking, this is a neutral point that can absorb excess electricity. Often it is the ground itself (as in the ground you stand on), but it is also commonly a large piece of metal, such as the chassis on a car. Electrical devices have to be connected to a ground so that the ground can disperse any excess electrical charges.

GroupWare

This term is used to describe any form of software designed to allow a group of people to easily share ideas and data. Examples include Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, and Microsoft Exchange.

Grep

A UNIX program, now also available on other OSes, that allows you to search through one or more text files for a specific text string. As well, Grep allows the replacement of the found string.

Greenie

A slang term for a CD-Recordable disk. The media was originally green on the recording side, thus the term. Nowadays CD-R media may be green, blue, or gold on the recording side.

Gray Market

The market where goods are sold in an unauthorized manner, or before their expected release date. Sometimes gray market goods have been stolen from the manufacturer, or have been dumped by the manufacturer to create a result such as flooding the market. Gray market products are more likely to be remarked as different products or unsupported by their manufacturers than products purchased through proper channels. However, gray market goods are sometimes cheaper or available before their time, making them attractive to potential purchasers. One of the largest sources of gray market products are computer shows, where many gray market goods are sold “as is.”

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

A microprocessor specifically designed for processing 3D graphics data. This term was first coined by NVIDIA to describe its GeForce 256 chip. NVIDIA justified the name by stating that its graphics chip had a similar amount of transistors as then-current CPU chips. Now GPU has become a more widely used term to describe the complex chips that power 3D graphics cards.

Hz (hertz)

short for hertz

HyperTransport

An industry standard serial connection method pioneered by AMD for the internal connection of different buses inside of a PC or network device. It initially allows for connection speeds of up to 6.4GB/second. The first main consumer product using HyperTransport was the NVIDIA nForce2 chipset. AMD’s Opteron has up to three HyperTransport links, while the Athlon 64 has one.

Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

Created in 1994, this is a versatile embedded scripting language that can be placed into HTML documents. As long as the webserver supports it, PHP can be used to generate HTML pages by accessing a database. PHP code is executed on the server, and offers an alternative to CGI or SSI calls, or the use of languages such as ColdFusion.

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

A standard language initially created for typesetting. Although it is a language, it isn’t really a programming language. It is mainly used for creating documents on the World Wide Web. Included in the language are provisions for displaying graphics and links to other pages.

Hypertext

A text format that allows for links from keywords in a document to other sections of the document or to other documents.

Hyperlink (link)

Part of an HTML document that points to another resource. When you view an HTML document using a browser, it is common practice to display hyperlinks in blue with an underlined font. When you click on a hyperlink you will jump, or link, to another area in that document or a different document. The linked document or item may be on the same page, the same server, or a server hundreds of miles away. The work all goes on behind the scenes as long as you are connected to the Internet.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The way the data in an HTML document is transferred. A document coming in over the HTTP protocol, usually TCP/IP port 80, is read as an HTML document. You may notice in our Internet browser’s address bar that the address begins with “HTTP://” in order to tell the browser to expect HTML files.

Hub

A central connection point. This is standard terminology for a device that connects multiple computers in a network.

HTTPS (Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol)

A secure means of transferring data using the HTTP protocol. Typically HTTP data is sent over TCP/IP port 80, but HTTPS data is sent over port 443. This standard was developed by Netscape for secure transactions, and uses 40-bit encryption (“weak” encryption) or 128-bit (“strong” encryption). If you are at a secure site, you will notice that there is a closed lock icon on the bottom area of your Navigator or IE browser. The HTTPS standard supports certificates. A webserver operator must get a digital certificate from a third-party certificate provider that ensures that the webserver in question is valid. This certificate gets installed on the webserver, and verifies for a period of a year that that server is a proper secure server.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

HSF (HeatSink Fan)

This is the common combination of a fan attached to a heatsink that is placed in contact with a microprocessor that needs to be cooled. The heatsink draws heat away from the processor, and the fan expedites the removal of the heat by moving air across the heatsink. Faster airflow generally equals better cooling.

HSDRAM (High-Speed SDRAM)

A form of SDRAM memory made by Enhanced Memory Systems. It is designed to operate comfortably at speeds of up to 150MHz or higher at CAS 2 latency levels. It was mainly used by overclockers and was a niche product.

HPA (High Performance Addressing)

A form of passive matrix LCD display that improves the response time of the display. HPA screens still suffer from the same contrast problems that make passive matrix inferior to active matrix TFT LCD screens. HPA screens are no longer made, as the cost of active matrix LCD screens has dropped.

Hot-swappable

This type of mechanism implies that you can remove or add things while the system is powered on and running. For example, hard drives and power supplies are often candidates for this term, but more expensive servers may even have hot-swappable memory, PCI cards, and processors. Normally they come in special proprietary form factors in server machines and RAID boxes. If you’ve got mission-critical applications, you want your servers to have as many hot swappable components as possible.

IT (Information Technology)

The field of work dealing with computers and technology, or more specifically, the organization within a company that takes care of all of the computers, telephones, webservers, and Internet connectivity that keeps a company able to communicate with the outside world by electronic means.

ISV (Independent Software Vendor)

A software company that creates software to run on a platform or platforms that it doesn’t create. For example, Microsoft is not an ISV because it owns its own OS. Often the term refers to companies that write “valuable” software applications. OS makers will often give them sweet deals and help them distribute their software if they feel it benefits their OS.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

A company that provides Internet access to people or corporations. Early ISPs generally had pools of modems awaiting dial-up connections, but many ISPs nowadays only deal in high-end business communications. Smaller ISPs buy bandwidth from larger ISPs.

ISO 9000

This is a certification granted to companies that manufacture goods. It specifies that they have properly recorded all of their procedures and they meet with certain specifications.

ISO (International Standards Organization)

These folk create standards for everything, from cleanliness to file formats.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

A digital line that is often used to connect to the Internet. It generally comes in two flavors: one is a 56Kbps version, which in actuality only uses half of the ISDN line’s bandwidth; the other is the 128Kbps version, which uses both the 56Kbps channels on the line. However, that’s only 112Kbps–the other 16Kbps are an 8Kbps back channel of each line.

ISAPI (Internet Server API)

An API proposed by Microsoft to replace CGI. Programs written to ISAPI are compiled as DLLs and stored in memory so they can be run faster than CGI scripts–or at leastCGI scripts not using FastCGI or Mod-Perl, which both have similar caching features.

ISA (Industry Standard Adapter)

The original 8- and 16-bit expansion card standard used in PCs. ISA cards run at a bus speed of 8MHz. You can plug ISA expansion cards into an ISA slot. Modems and sound cards were the last ISA cards due to their low bandwidth requirements. ISA is rarely found on new motherboards nowadays, as it has been replaced by PCI.

IS (Information Services)

This refers to the field of computer technology, but has been replaced by the newer and sexier term “IT.”

IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest)

A means for devices to request time from the processor to do their jobs. For instance, every time you hit a key on your keyboard an interrupt is generated on the keyboard IRQ. This is mainly only a concern for PC users, and IRQs were the bane of existence for many computer builders when ISA cards were more popular. Nowadays IRQ problems can still be a hassle, as you only get 16 of them and many are used already, but devices share IRQs more intelligently.

IrLAP (Infrared Link Access Protocol)

The IrDA has defined this protocol as a means of communication between serial Infrared devices. It’s widely supported in PDAs, laptops, and some network printers.

IRDA (InfraRed Data Association)

These people developed the IRDA port standard that transfers data through the use of infrared light. Of course, you must have two IRDA devices to get any real use out of this technology. Most notebooks today come standard with this port, as do PDAs and some printers as well. It’s handy if you road warriors want to print a document and you’ve got all the right equipment.

dizionario tecnico scientifico in inglese dalla A alla B

Å See angstrom

A See ampere; angstrom

(a)-1 See abmho

a See abohm

acm See abohm centimeter

A* unit [PHYSICS] An atomic standard unit of length, based on the tungsten K1 line, approximately 10-11 centimeter; used for measurements of x-ray wavelengths and of crystal dimensions. { stär yünt }

A+ See A positive

aA See abampere

AA See antiaircraft

AAA See antiaircraft artillery

aaa disease [MEDICINE] An endemic hookworm disease accompanied by anemia that occurred in ancient Egypt and is designated in the Ebers Papyrus. { ä dizz }

aa channel [GEOLOGY] A narrow, sinuous channel in which a lava river moves down and away from a central vent to feed an aa lava flow. { ää chanl }

aAcm2 See abampere centimeter squared

aA/cm2 See abampere per square centimeter

aa lava See block lava { ää läv }

Aalenian [GEOLOGY] Lowermost Middle or uppermost Lower Jurassic geologic time. { lnn }

AAM See air-to-air missile; antiaircraft missile

A AND NOT B gate See AND NOT gate { an nöt b gt }

aapamoor [ECOLOGY] A moor with elevated areas or mounds supporting dwarf shrubs and sphagnum, interspersed with low areas containing sedges and sphagnum, thus forming a mosaic. { äpmür }

aardvark [VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] A nocturnal, burrowing, insectivorous mammal of the genus Orycteropus in the order Tubulidentata.Also known as earth pig. { ärdvärk }

aardwolf [VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] Proteles cristatus. A hyenalike African mammal of the family Hyaenidae. { ärdwlf }

Aaron's rod [ARCHITECTURE] A decorative rounded molding on which are entwined a single serpent and sometimes vines and leaves. { arnz räd }

a axis [CRYSTALLOGRAPHY] One of the crystallographic axes used as reference in crystal description, usually oriented horizontally, front to back. [GEOLOGY] The direction of movement or transport in a tectonite. [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] The angle that specifies the rotation of a machine tool about the x axis. { aksis }

ab- [ELECTROMAGNETISM] A prefix used to identify centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic units, as in abampere, abcoulomb, abfarad, abhenry, abmho, abohm, and abvolt. { ab }

ABA See abscisic acid

abac See nomograph { bak }

abaca [BOTANY] Musa textilis. A plant of the banana family native to Borneo and the Philippines, valuable for its hard fiber.Also known as Manila hemp. { äbäkä or äbkä }

abactinal [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] In radially symmetrical animals, pertaining to the surface opposite the side where the mouth is located. { abaktinl }

abacus [ARCHITECTURE] A slab forming the topmost division of the capital of a column. [MATHEMATICS] An instrument for performing arithmetical calculations manually by sliding markers on rods or in grooves. { abks }

abaft [NAVAL ARCHITECTURE] In a direction farther aft in a ship than a specified reference position, such as abaft the mast. { baft }

abalienation [PSYCHOLOGY] Mental deterioration or derangement. { ablynshn }

abalone [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] A gastropod mollusk composing the single genus Haliotis of the family Haliotidae.Also known as ear shell; ormer; paua. { abln }

abalyn [ORGANIC CHEMISTRY] A liquid rosin that is a methyl ester of abietic acid; prepared by treating rosin with methyl alcohol; used as a plasticizer. { ablin }

abambulacral [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] Pertaining to that part of the surface of an echinoderm that lacks tube feet. { abambylak-rl }

abampere [ELECTRICITY] The unit of electric current in the electromagnetic centimeter-gram-second system; 1 abampere equals 10 amperes in the absolute meter-kilogram-second-ampere system.Abbreviated aA.Also known as Bi; biot. { abampr }

abampere centimeter squared [ELECTROMAGNETISM] The unit of magnetic moment in the electromagnetic centimeter-gram-second system.Abbreviated aAcm2. { abampr sentmdr skwerd }

abampere per square centimeter [ELECTRICITY] The unit of current density in the electromagnetic centimeter-gram-second system.Abbreviated aA/cm2. { abampr pr skwer sentmdr }

abamurus [ARCHITECTURE] A masonry block, in the form of a buttress, used to support a structure. { abmyrs }

A band [HISTOLOGY] The region between two adjacent I bands in a sarcomere; characterized by partial overlapping of actin and myosin filaments. { band }

abandon [ENGINEERING] To stop drilling and remove the drill rig from the site of a borehole before the intended depth or target is reached. [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] To terminate oil and gas production from a well when it becomes unprofitable. { bandn }

abandoned channel See oxbow { bandnd chanl }

abandoned mine See abandoned workings { bandnd mn }

abandoned workings [MINING ENGINEERING] Deserted excavations, either caved or sealed, in which further mining is not intended, and opening workings which are not ventilated and inspected regularly.Also known as abandoned mine. { bandnd wrkiz }

abandonment [MINING ENGINEERING] Failure to perform work, by conveyance, by absence, and by lapse of time, on a mining claim. [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] See abandonment contour { bandnmnt }

abandonment contour [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] A graph of actual cumulative yield of an oil well compared with its estimated ultimate yield; useful in determining the most economic time to abandon an oil well.Also known as abandonment. { bandnmnt käntür }

abapertural [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] Away from the shell aperture, referring to mollusks. { abaprchrl }

abapical [BIOLOGY] On the opposite side to, or directed away from, the apex. { abapikl }

abarognosis [MEDICINE] Lack of ability to estimate the weight of an object one is holding. { bargnsis }

abasia [MEDICINE] Lack of muscular coordination in walking. { bzh }

abate [ENGINEERING] 1. To remove material, for example, in carving stone. 2. In metalwork, to excise or beat down the surface in order to create a pattern or figure in low relief. { bt }

abatement [ENGINEERING] 1. The waste produced in cutting a timber, stone, or metal piece to a desired size and shape. 2. A decrease in the amount of a substance or other quantity, such as atmospheric pollution. { btmnt }

abat-jour [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A device that is used to deflect daylight downward as it streams through a window. { äbäzhr }

A battery [ELECTRONICS] The battery that supplies power for filaments or heaters of electron tubes in battery-operated equipment. { batr }

abattoir [INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING] A building in which cattle or other animals are slaughtered. { abtwär }

abat-vent [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A series of sloping boards or metal strips, or some similar contrivance, to break the force of wind without being an obstruction to the passage of air or sound, as in a louver or chimney cowl. { äbävän }

abaxial [BIOLOGY] On the opposite side to, or facing away from, the axis of an organ or organism. { abaksl }

abb [TEXTILES] Yarn made of abb wool. [VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] A coarse wool from the fleece areas of lesser quality. { ab }

abbazzo [GRAPHIC ARTS] A rough sketch, draft, or model. { abats }

Abbe condenser [OPTICS] A variable large-aperture lens system arranged substage to image a light source into the focal plane of a microscope objective. { äb kndensr }

Abbe number [OPTICS] A number which expresses the deviating effect of an optical glass on light of different wavelengths. { äb nmbr }

Abbe prism [OPTICS] A system used for image erection which is composed of two double right-angle prisms and involves four reflections. { äb prizm }

Abbe refractometer [OPTICS] An optical instrument for the measurement of the refractive index of liquids. { äb rfraktämdr }

Abbe's sine condition [OPTICS] A relationship which must hold to prevent aberration of a mirror or lens from producing a coma. { äbz sn kndishn }

Abbe's theory [OPTICS] The theory that for a lens to produce a true image, it must be large enough to transmit the entire diffraction pattern of the object. { äbz thr }

abbreviated dialing [COMMUNICATIONS] A method comprising special circuits which require less than the usual number of dialing operations to connect two or more subscribers. { brvdd dli }

ABC See automatic brightness control

abcoulomb [ELECTRICITY] The unit of electric charge in the electromagnetic centimeter-gram-second system, equal to 10 coulombs.Abbreviated aC. { abkülm }

abcoulomb centimeter [ELECTRICITY] In the electromagnetic centimeter-gram- second system of units, the unit of electric dipole moment.Abbreviated aCcm. { abkülm sentmdr }

abcoulomb per cubic centimeter [ELECTRICITY] The electromagnetic centimeter- gram-second unit of volume density of charge.Abbreviated aC/cm3. { abkülm pr kyübik sentmdr }

abcoulomb per square centimeter [ELECTRICITY] The electromagnetic centimeter- gram-second unit of surface density of charge, electric polarization, and displacement.Abbreviated aC/cm2. { abkülm pr skwer sentmdr }

ABC system [GEODESY] See airborne control system [GEOPHYSICS] A procedure in seismic surveying to determine the effect of irregular weathering thickness. [ORDNANCE] An atomic, biological, or chemical weapons system. { bs sistm }

Abderhalden reaction [PATHOLOGY] A chemical blood test for the identification of certain enzymes associated with pregnancy and a few diseases. { äpdrhäldn rakshn }

abdomen [ANATOMY] 1. The portion of the vertebrate body between the thorax and the pelvis. 2. The cavity of this part of the body. [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] The elongate region posterior to the thorax in arthropods. { abdmn or abdmn }

abdominal apoplexy [MEDICINE] Vascular occlusion and hemorrhage in an abdominal organ, usually the small intestine, or in the peritoneal cavity. { abdämnl appleks }

abdominal depth [ANTHROPOLOGY] Maximum horizontal contact dimension, measured front to back. { abdämnl depth }

abdominal gestation [MEDICINE] Development of a fetus outside the uterus in the abdominal cavity. { abdämnl jestshn }

abdominal gills [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] Paired, segmental, leaflike, filamentous expansions of the abdominal cuticle for respiration in the aquatic larvae of many insects. { abdämnl gilz }

abdominal hernia See ventral hernia { abdämnl hrn }

abdominal hysterectomy [MEDICINE] Surgical removal of all or part of the uterus through an incision in the abdomen. { abdämnl histrektm }

abdominal limb [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] In most crustaceans, any of the segmented abdominal appendages. { abdämnl lim }

abdominal pregnancy See abdominocyesis { abdämnl pregnns }

abdominal regions [ANATOMY] Nine theoretical areas delineated on the abdomen by two horizontal and two parasagittal lines: above, the right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac; in the middle, the right lateral, umbilical, and left lateral; and below, the right inguinal, hypogastric, and left inguinal. { abdämnl rjnz }

abdominocyesis [MEDICINE] Implantation and development of the fertilized ovum in the peritoneal cavity.Also known as abdominal pregnancy. { abdämnsss }

abducens [ANATOMY] The sixth cranial nerve in vertebrates; a paired, somatic motor nerve arising from the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain and supplying the lateral rectus eye muscles. { abdyüsnz }

abduction [PHYSIOLOGY] Movement of an extremity or other body part away from the axis of the body. { abdkshn }

abductor [PHYSIOLOGY] Any muscle that draws a part of the body or an extremity away from the body axis. { abdktr }

abeam See on the beam { abm }

Abegg's rule [CHEMISTRY] An empirical rule, holding for a large number of elements, that the sum of the maximum positive and negative valencies of an element equals eight. { äbegz rül }

Abelian domain See Abelian field { blyn dmn }

Abelian extension [MATHEMATICS] A Galois extension whose Galois group is Abelian. { blyn ikstenchn }

Abelian field [MATHEMATICS] A set of elements a, b, c, . . . forming Abelian groups with addition and multiplication as group operations where a(b + c) = ab + ac. Also known as Abelian domain; domain. { blyn fld }

Abelian group [MATHEMATICS] A group whose binary operation is commutative; that is, ab=ba for each a and b in the group.Also known as commutative group. { blyn grüp }

Abelian operation See commutative operation { blyn äprshn }

Abelian ring See commutative ring { blyn ri }

Abelian theorems [MATHEMATICS] A class of theorems which assert that if a sequence or function behaves regularly, then some average of the sequence or function behaves regularly; examples include the Abel theorem (second definition) and the statement that if a sequence converges to s, then its Cesaro summation exists and is equal to s. { blyn thirmz }

abelite [MATERIALS] A substance made of ammonium nitrate and a nitrated aromatic hydrocarbon and used as an explosive. { ablt }

Abell richness classes [ASTRONOMY] A scale of six categories of richness into which clusters of galaxies are classified, based on the number of galaxies observed in the cluster that are not more than 2 magnitudes fainter than the third-brightest member. { bl richns klasz }

Abel's inequality [MATHEMATICS] An inequality which states that the absolute value of the sum of n terms, each in the form ab, where the bs are positive numbers, is not greater than the product of the largest b with the largest absolute value of a partial sum of the as. { äblz inkwälid }

Abel's integral equation [MATHEMATICS] The equation where f(x) is a known function and u(z) is the function to be determined; when a = 1/2, this equation has application to Abel's problem. { äblz intgrl ikwzhn }

Abel's problem [MATHEMATICS] The problem which asks what path a particle will follow if it moves under the influence of gravity alone and its altitude- time function is to follow a specific law. { äblz präblm }

Abel's summation method [MATHEMATICS] A method of attributing a sum to an infinite series whose nth term is an by taking the limit on the left at x = 1 of the sum of the series whose nth term is anxn { äblz smshn methd }

Abel tester [PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY] A laboratory instrument used in testing the flash point of kerosine and other volatile oils having flash points below 120°F (49°C); the oil is contained in a closed cup which is heated by a fixed flame below and a movable flame above. { äbl testr }

Abel theorem [MATHEMATICS] 1. A theorem stating that if a power series in z converges for z = a, it converges absolutely for z a . 2. A theorem stating that if a power series in z converges to f(z) for z 1 and to a for z = 1, then the limit of f(z) as z approaches 1 equals a. 3. A theorem stating that if the three series with nth term an, bn, and cn = a0bn + a1bn-1 + ... + anb0, respectively, converge, then the third series equals the product of the first two series. { äbl thirm }

abend [COMPUTER SCIENCE] An unplanned program termination that occurs when a computer is directed to execute an instruction or to process information that it cannot recognize.Also known as blow up; bomb; crash. { abend }

abenteric [MEDICINE] Involving abdominal organs and structures outside the intestine. { abenterik }

aberrant [BIOLOGY] An atypical group, individual, or structure, especially one with an aberrant chromosome number. { bernt }

aberration [ASTRONOMY] The apparent angular displacement of the position of a celestial body in the direction of motion of the observer, caused by the combination of the velocity of the observer and the velocity of light. [OPTICS] See optical aberration { abrshn }

abfarad [ELECTRICITY] A unit of capacitance in the electromagnetic centimeter-gram-second system equal to 109 farads.Abbreviated aF. { abfarad }

abhenry [ELECTRICITY] A unit of inductance in the electromagnetic centimeter- gram-second system of units which is equal to 10-9 henry.Abbreviated aH. { abhenr }

abherent [MATERIALS] A substance that inhibits a material from adhering to itself or another material.Also known as abhesive. { abhrnt }

abhesive See abherent { abhziv }

Abies [BOTANY] The firs, a genus of trees in the pine family characterized by erect cones, absence of resin canals in the wood, and flattened needlelike leaves. { bz }

abietic acid [ORGANIC CHEMISTRY] C20H30O2 A tricyclic, crystalline acid obtained from rosin; used in making esters for plasticizers. { abetik asd }

abietine [MATERIALS] The distillate of the gums of the Jeffrey and digger pines; comprises 96% heptane; used as a cleaning agent, insecticide, and constituent of standard gasolines to measure detonation of engines. { abtn }

ab initio computation [PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY] Computation of the geometry of a molecule solely from a knowledge of its composition and molecular structure as derived from the solution of the Schrödinger equation for the given molecule. { ab nish kämpytshn }

abiocoen [ECOLOGY] A nonbiotic habitat. { bsn }

abiogenesis [BIOLOGY] The obsolete concept that plant and animal life arise from nonliving organic matter.Also known as autogenesis; spontaneous generation. { bjensis }

abiotic [BIOLOGY] Referring to the absence of living organisms. { abädik }

abiotic environment [ECOLOGY] All physical and nonliving chemical factors, such as soil, water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms. { abädik invrnmnt }

abiotic substance [ECOLOGY] Any fundamental chemical element or compound in the environment. { abädik sbstns }

abiotrophy [MEDICINE] Disordered functioning of an organ or system, as in Huntington's chorea, due to an inherited pathologic trait, which trait, however, may remain latent in the individual rather than becoming apparent; this mechanism is still conceptual. { abätrf }

abjection [MYCOLOGY] The discharge or casting off of spores by the spore- bearing structure of a fungus. { abjekshn }

ablastin [IMMUNOLOGY] An antibodylike substance elicited by Trypanosoma lewisi in the blood serum of infected rats that inhibits reproduction of the parasite. { blastn }

ablating material See ablative agent { bldi mtirl }

ablation [AEROSPACE ENGINEERING] The intentional removal of material from a nose cone or spacecraft during high-speed movement through a planetary atmosphere to provide thermal protection to the underlying structure. [GEOLOGY] The wearing away of rocks, as by erosion or weathering. [HYDROLOGY] The reduction in volume of a glacier due to melting and evaporation. [MEDICINE] The removal of tissue or a part of the body by surgery, such as by excision or amputation. { blshn }

ablation area [HYDROLOGY] The section in a glacier or snowfield where ablation exceeds accumulation. { blshn er }

ablation cone [HYDROLOGY] A debris-covered cone of ice, firn, or snow formed by differential ablation. { blshn kn }

ablation factor [HYDROLOGY] The rate at which a snow or ice surface wastes away. { blshn faktr }

ablation form [HYDROLOGY] A feature on a snow or ice surface caused by melting or evaporation. { blshn frm }

ablation moraine [GEOLOGY] 1. A layer of rock particles overlying ice in the ablation of a glacier. 2. Drift deposited from a superglacial position through the melting of underlying stagnant ice. { blshn mrn }

ablative agent [MATERIALS] A material from which the surface layer is to be removed, often for the purpose of dissipating extreme heat energy, as in space vehicles reentering the earth's atmosphere.Also known as ablating material; ablative material; ablator. { abldiv jnt }

ablative cooling [AEROSPACE ENGINEERING] The carrying away of heat, generated by aerodynamic heating, from a vital part by arranging for its absorption by a nonvital part. { abldiv küli }

ablative material See ablative agent { abldiv mtirl }

ablative shielding [AEROSPACE ENGINEERING] A covering of material designed to reduce heat transfer to the internal structure through sublimation and loss of mass. { abldiv shldi }

ablatograph [ENGINEERING] An instrument that records ablation by measuring the distance a snow or ice surface falls during the observation period. { bldgraf }

ablator See ablative agent { abldr }

able [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A name for the hexadecimal digit whose decimal equivalent is 10. { bl }

A block [CIVIL ENGINEERING] A hollow concrete masonry block with one end closed and the other open and with a web between, so that when the block is laid in a wall two cells are produced. { bläk }

ABM See antiballistic missile

abmho [ELECTRICITY] A unit of conductance in the electromagnetic centimeter- gram-second system of units equal to 109 mhos.Abbreviated (a)-1.Also known as absiemens (aS). { abm }

Abney effect [OPTICS] A shift in the apparent hue of a light which occurs as colored light is desaturated by the addition of white light. { abn fekt }

Abney law [OPTICS] The shift in apparent hue of spectral color that is desaturated by addition of white light is toward the red end of the spectrum if the wavelength is below 570 nanometers and toward the blue if it is above. { abn l }

Abney level See clinometer { abn levl }

Abney mounting [SPECTROSCOPY] A modification of the Rowland mounting in which only the slit is moved to observe different parts of the spectrum. { abn manti }

abnormal anticlinorium [GEOLOGY] An anticlinorium with axial planes of subsidiary folds diverging upward. { abnrml antklinrm }

abnormal behavior [PSYCHOLOGY] Personality functioning that is socially undesirable or that renders the individual unable to cope with day-to-day living.Also known as behavior disorder. { abnrml behvyr }

abnormal fold [GEOLOGY] An anticlinorium in which there is an upward convergence of the axial surfaces of the subsidiary folds. { abnrml fld }

abnormal glow discharge [ELECTRONICS] A discharge of electricity in a gas tube at currents somewhat higher than those of an ordinary glow discharge, at which point the glow covers the entire cathode and the voltage drop decreases with increasing current. { abnrml gl dischärj }

abnormality [SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY] Any deviation from normal characteristics. { abnrmalt }

abnormal magnetic variation [GEOPHYSICS] The anomalous value in magnetic compass readings made in some local areas containing unknown sources that deflect the compass needle from the magnetic meridian. { abnrml magnedik vershn }

abnormal place [MINING ENGINEERING] An area in a coal mine where the geological conditions render mining uneconomical. { abnrml pls }

abnormal pressure [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] A pressure beyond the range of pressure values that would normally be expected at a given depth. { abnrml preshr }

abnormal propagation [COMMUNICATIONS] Phenomena of unstable or changing atmospheric or ionospheric conditions acting upon transmitted radio waves, preventing such waves from following their normal path through space, and causing difficulties and disruptions of communications. { abnrml präpgshn }

abnormal psychology [PSYCHOLOGY] A branch of psychology that deals with behavior disorders and internal psychic conflict in addition to certain normal phenomena such as dreams, motivations, and anxiety. { abnrml skälj }

abnormal reading See abnormal time { abnrml rdi }

abnormal reflections [ELECTROMAGNETISM] Sharply defined reflections of substantial intensity at frequencies greater than the critical frequency of the ionized layer of the ionosphere. { abnrml reflekshnz }

abnormal series See anomalous series { abnrml sirz }

abnormal statement [COMPUTER SCIENCE] An element of a FORTRAN V (UNIVAC) program which specifies that certain function subroutines must be called every time they are referred to. { abnrml sttmnt }

abnormal synclinorium [GEOLOGY] A synclinorium with axial planes of subsidiary folds converging downward. { abnrml sinklinrm }

abnormal time [INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING] During a time study, an elapsed time for any element which is excessively longer or shorter than the median of the elapsed times.Also known as abnormal reading. { abnrml tm }

b See barn; bel

B See bel; boron; brewster

B+-tree [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A version of the balanced-tree that maintains a hierarchy of indexes while linking the data sequentially.

{ b pls tr }

Ba See barium

Baade's window [ASTRONOMY] An unusually transparent region about 4° from the galactic center.

{ bädz wind }

babassu oil [MATERIALS] A nondrying oil obtained from the kernels of the babassu palm and composed principally of lauric, myristic, and oleic acids.

{ bäbsü il }

babbitt metal [METALLURGY] Any of the white alloys composed primarily of tin or lead and of lesser amounts of antimony, copper, and perhaps other metals, and used for bearings.

{ babt medl }

babble [COMMUNICATIONS] 1. Aggregate crosstalk from a large number of channels. 2. Unwanted disturbing sounds in a carrier or other multiple-channel system which result from the aggregate crosstalk or mutual interference from other channels.

{ babl }

babble signal [COMMUNICATIONS] A signal that is intercepted, recorded, and retransmitted at a later time, on the same frequency as the original signal, with the intention of confusing the sender of the original signal.

{ babl signl }

Babcock coefficient of friction [FLUID MECHANICS] An approximation to the coefficient of friction for steam flowing in a circular pipe of diameter d inches, given by 0.0027[1 + (3.6/d)].

{ babkäk kfishnt v frikshn }

Babcock magnetograph [ASTRONOMY] An instrument used to measure weak magnetic fields on the sun.

{ babkäk magnedgraf }

Babcock test [FOOD ENGINEERING] A test involving volumetric measurement of the fat content of a sample of milk; sulfuric acid is added, and the flask is heated to liquefy the fat, which is brought to the calibrated neck of the flask by centrifugal force.

{ babkäk test }

Babesia [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] The type genus of the Babesiidae, a protozoan family containing red blood cell parasites.

{ bbezh }

babesiasis [VETERINARY MEDICINE] A tick-borne protozoan disease of mammals other than humans caused by species of Babesia.

{ babzss }

Babesiidae [INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] A family of protozoans in the suborder Haemosporina containing parasites of vertebrate red blood cells.

{ babzd }

Babinet compensator [OPTICS] A device for working with polarized light, made of two quartz prisms, assembled in a rhomb, to enable the optical retardation to be adjusted to positive or negative values.

{ bäbin kämpensdr }

Babinet point [OPTICS] A neutral point located 15 to 20° directly above the sun.

{ bäbin pint }

Babinet's principle [OPTICS] The principle that the diffraction patterns produced by complementary screens are identical; two screens are said to be complementary when the opaque parts of one correspond to the transparent parts of the other.

{ bäbinz prinspl }

Babinski reflex [MEDICINE] An abnormal reflex after infancy associated with a disturbance of the pyramidal tract, characterized by extension of the great toe with fanning of the other toes on sharply stroking the lateral aspect of the sole.

{ bbinzk rifleks }

baboon [VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] Any of five species of large African and Asian terrestrial primates of the genus Papio, distinguished by a doglike muzzle, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks.

{ babün }

Babo's law [PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY] A law stating that the relative lowering of a solvent's vapor pressure by a solute is the same at all temperatures.

{ bäbz l }

babs See blind approach beacon system

{ babz }

babuina [VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY] A female baboon.

{ babwn }

baby-pig disease [VETERINARY MEDICINE] Acute hypoglycemia of newborn pigs; usually fatal if untreated.

{ bb pig dizz }

baby spot [ELECTRICITY] A small spotlight, usually equipped with a hood, used (as in the theater) to concentrate light on an area or an object a small distance from the spotlight.

{ bb spät }

baccate [BOTANY] 1. Bearing berries. 2. Having pulp like a berry.

{ bakt }

bacciferous [BOTANY] Bearing berries.

{ baksifrs }

Bacillaceae [MICROBIOLOGY] The single family of endospore-forming rods and cocci.

{ basls }

Bacillariophyceae [BOTANY] The diatoms, a class of algae in the division Chrysophyta.

{ baslerfs }

Bacillariophyta [BOTANY] An equivalent name for the Bacillariophyceae.

{ basleräfd }

bacillary [MICROBIOLOGY] 1. Rod-shaped. 2. Produced by, pertaining to, or resembling bacilli.

{ basler }

bacillary dysentery [MEDICINE] A highly infectious bacterial disease of humans, localized in the bowels; caused by Shigella.

{ basler disnter }

bacillary white diarrhea See pullorum disease

{ basler wt dir }

bacillophobia [PSYCHOLOGY] An abnormal fear of bacilli.

{ bsilfb }

bacilluria [MEDICINE] The presence of bacilli in the urine.

{ baslr }

bacillus [MICROBIOLOGY] Any rod-shaped bacterium.

{ bsils }

Bacillus [MICROBIOLOGY] A genus of bacteria in the family Bacillaceae; rod-shaped cells are aerobes or facultative anaerobes and usually produce catalase.

{ bsils }

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine [IMMUNOLOGY] A vaccine prepared from attenuated human tubercle bacilli and used to immunize humans against tuberculosis.Abbreviated BCG vaccine.

{ bsils kalmet gran vaksn }

bacitracin [MICROBIOLOGY] A group of polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus licheniformis.

{ bastrsn }

back [ANATOMY] The part of the human body extending from the neck to the base of the spine.

[GRAPHIC ARTS] The part of a book where the binding and pages are stitched together.

[MINING ENGINEERING] 1. The upper part of any mining cavity. 2. A joint, usually a strike joint, perpendicular to the direction of working.

{ bak }

backacter See backhoe

{ bakaktr }

back arch [ARCHITECTURE] A concealed arch which carries backing of a wall, where the exterior facing is carried by a lintel.

{ bak ärch }

back azimuth [NAVIGATION] An azimuth 180° from a given azimuth.

{ bak azmth }

back balance [MINING ENGINEERING] 1. A kind of self-acting incline in a mine. 2. The means of maintaining tension on a rope transmission or haulage system, consisting of the tension carriage, attached weight, and supporting structure.

{ bak balns }

backband [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A piece of millwork used around a rectangular window or door casing as a cover for the gap between the casing and the wall or as a decorative feature. Also known as backbend.

{ bakband }

back beach See backshore

{ bak bch }

back bearing [NAVIGATION] A bearing along the reverse direction of a line.Also known as reciprocal bearing.

{ bak beri }

backbend [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] 1. At the outer edge of a metal door or window frame, the face which returns to the wall surface. 2. See backband

{ bakbend }

backbending [NUCLEAR PHYSICS] A discontinuity in the rotational levels of some rare-earth nuclei around spin 20 (where is Planck's constant divided by 2), which appears as a backbend on a graph that plots the moment of inertia versus the square of the rotational frequency.

{ bakbendi }

back-bent occlusion See bent-back occlusion

{ bak bent klüzhn }

back bias [ELECTRONICS] 1. Degenerative or regenerative voltage which is fed back to circuits before its originating point; usually applied to a control anode of a tube or other device. 2. Voltage applied to a grid of a tube (or tubes) or electrode of another device to reduce a condition which has been upset by some external cause.

{ bak bs }

backblast area [ORDNANCE] Cone-shaped area to the rear of a recoilless weapon, rocket launcher, or rocket-assisted takeoff unit which is dangerous to personnel because of the expulsion of powder gases.

{ bakblast er }

back bond [SOLID-STATE PHYSICS] A chemical bond between an atom in the surface layer of a solid and an atom in the second layer.

{ bak bänd }

backbone [ANATOMY] See spine

[GEOLOGY] 1. A ridge forming the principal axis of a mountain. 2. The principal mountain ridge, range, or system of a region.

[GRAPHIC ARTS] See spine

{ bakbn }

back boxing See backlining

{ bak bäksi }

backbreak See overbreak

{ bakbrk }

back bulb [BOTANY] A pseudobulb on certain orchid plants that remains on the plant after removal of the terminal growth, and that is used for propagation.

{ bak blb }

backcast stripping [MINING ENGINEERING] A stripping method using two draglines; one strips and casts the overburden, and the other recasts a portion of the overburden.

{ bakkast stripi }

back check [DESIGN ENGINEERING] In a hydraulic door closer, a mechanism that slows the speed with which a door may be opened.

{ bak chek }

back-coated mirror [OPTICS] Glass with a reflective coating applied against the rear surface.

{ bak kdd mirr }

backcoating [GRAPHIC ARTS] A light-absorbing sensitized layer that is applied to the back of a film base material.

{ bakkdi }

back contact [ELECTRICITY] Normally closed stationary contact on a relay that is opened when the relay is energized.

{ bak käntakt }

back course [NAVIGATION] In the instrument low-approach system, the course which extends from the back of a localizer antenna system to furnish guidance in the horizontal plane at the rear of the localizer.

{ bak krs }

backcross [GENETICS] A cross between an F1 heterozygote and an individual of P1 genotype.

{ bakkrs }

backcross parent See recurrent parent

{ bakkrs pernt }

backdeep [GEOLOGY] An epieugeosynclinal basin; a nonvolcanic postorogenic geosynclinal basin whose sediments are derived from an uplifted eugeosyncline.

{ bakdp }

backdigger See backhoe

{ bakdigr }

back diode [ELECTRONICS] A special type of tunnel diode operated at low levels of reverse bias at which the device has negative resistance.

{ bak dd }

back-door cold front [METEOROLOGY] A front which leads a cold air mass toward the south and southwest along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States.

{ bak dr kld frnt }

back draft [METALLURGY] A reversed taper given to a casting model or pattern to prevent its withdrawal from the mold.

{ bak draft }

back-draft damper [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] A damper with blades actuated by gravity, permitting air to pass through them in one direction only.

{ bak draft dampr }

back echo [ELECTROMAGNETISM] An echo signal produced on a radar screen by one of the minor back lobes of a search radar beam.

{ bak ek }

back-echo reflection [ELECTRONICS] A radar echo produced by radiation reflected to the target by a large, fixed obstruction; that is, the ray path is from antenna to obstruction to target to antenna, instead of antenna to target to antenna.

{ bak ek riflekshn }

backed cloth [TEXTILES] Cloth made by weaving or knitting an extra weft or warp to the back to increase thickness or to obtain different color effects.

{ bakt klth }

back edging [ENGINEERING] Cutting through a glazed ceramic pipe by first chipping through the glaze around the outside and then chipping the pipe itself.

{ bak eji }

back electromotive force See counterelectromotive force

{ bak ilektrmdiv frs }

back-emission electron radiography [ELECTRONICS] A technique used in microradiography to visualize, among other things, the presence of material of different atomic numbers in the surface of the specimen being observed; the polished side of the specimen is facing and in close contact with the emulsion side of a fine-grain photographic plate; a light-tight cover holds the specimen and plate in place to be subjected to hardened x-rays.

{ bak imishn ilekträn rdägrf }

back end See thrust yoke

{ bak end }

back-end system [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A computer that operates on data which have been previously processed by another computer system.

{ bak end sistm }

backfill [CIVIL ENGINEERING] Earth refilling a trench or an excavation around a building, bridge abutment, and the like.

[MINING ENGINEERING] Waste sand or rock used to support the mine roof after removal of ore.

{ bakfil }

back fillet [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] The return of the margin of a groin, doorjamb, or window jamb when it projects beyond a wall.

{ bak filt }

backfire [CIVIL ENGINEERING] A fire that is started in order to burn against and cut off a spreading fire.

[ELECTRONICS] See arcback

[ENGINEERING] Momentary backward burning of flame into the tip of a torch.Also known as flashback.

[MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] In an internal combustion engine, an improperly timed explosion of the fuel mixture in a cylinder, especially one occurring during the period that the exhaust or intake valve is open and resulting in a loud detonation.

[ORDNANCE] Rearward escapement of gases or cartridge fragments upon firing a gun.

{ bakfr }

backfire antenna [ELECTROMAGNETISM] An antenna which exhibits significant gain in a direction 180° from its principal lobe.

{ bakfr anten }

backflap hinge [DESIGN ENGINEERING] A hinge having a flat plate or strap which is screwed to the face of a shutter or door. Also known as flap hinge.

{ bakflap hinj }

backflash [CHEMISTRY] Rapid combustion of a material occurring in an area that the reaction was not intended for.

{ bakflash }

backflooding [HYDROLOGY] A reversal of flow of water at the water table resulting from changes in precipitation.

{ bakfldi }

backflow [CIVIL ENGINEERING] The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any other than its intended source.

[FLUID MECHANICS] Any flow in a direction opposite to the natural or intended direction of flow.

{ bakfl }

backflow connection [CIVIL ENGINEERING] Any arrangement of pipes, plumbing fixtures, drains, and so forth, in which backflow can occur.

{ bakfl knekshn }

backflow preventer See vacuum breaker

{ bakfl priventr }

backflow valve See backwater valve

{ bakfl valv }

back focal length [OPTICS] The distance from the rear surface of a lens to its focal plane.

{ bak fkl lekth }

backfolding [GEOLOGY] Process in mountain forming in which the folds are overturned toward the interior of an orogenic belt.Also known as backward folding.

{ bakfldi }

backfurrow [AGRICULTURE] To plow by throwing or turning together the first two furrows that were plowed, leaving clear furrows on the side.

[CIVIL ENGINEERING] In an excavation procedure, the first cut made on undisturbed land.

{ bakfr }

back gearing [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] The technique of using gears on machine tools to obtain an increase in the number of speed changes that can be gotten with cone belt drives.

{ bak giri }

Back-Goudsmit effect [ATOMIC PHYSICS] Breakdown of the coupling between the nuclear-spin angular momentum and the total angular momentum of the electrons in an atom at relatively small magnetic fields.

{ bak gdsmit ifekt }

back gouging [METALLURGY] The elimination of excess material from both weld metal and base metal on the opposite side of a partly welded joint; a groove or bevel is formed in order to facilitate complete joint penetration.

{ bak gaji }

background [COMMUNICATIONS] 1. Picture white of the facsimile copy being scanned when the picture is black and white only. 2. Undesired printing in the recorded facsimile copy of the picture being transmitted, resulting in shading of the background area. 3. Noise heard during radio reception caused by atmospheric interference or the operation of the receiver at such high gain that inherent tube and circuit noises become noticeable.

{ bakgrand }

background count [PHYSICS] Responses of the radiation counting system to radiation coming from sources other than the source to be measured.

{ bakgrand kant }

background discrimination [ENGINEERING] The ability of a measuring instrument, circuit, or other device to distinguish signal from background noise.

{ bakgrand diskrimnshn }

background genotype [GENETICS] The genotype of the organism in addition to the genetic loci responsible for the phenotype.

{ bakrand jntp }

background ink [COMPUTER SCIENCE] In optical character recognition, a highly reflective ink used to print the parts of a document that are to be ignored by the scanner.

{ bakgrand ik }

background luminance [OPTICS] In visual-range theory, the brightness of the background against which a target is viewed.

{ bakgrand lüminns }

background mass spectrum [PHYSICS] The display or printed record obtained from a mass spectrometer or spectrograph before a sample has been inserted.

{ bakgrand mas spektrm }

background noise [ACOUSTICS] The unwanted residual sound that is present whether or not the sound source being studied is in operation.

[ENGINEERING] The undesired signals that are always present in an electronic or other system, independent of whether or not the desired signal is present.

{ bakgrand niz }

background processing [COMPUTER SCIENCE] 1. The execution of lower- priority programs when higher-priority programs are not being handled by a data- processing system. 2. Computer processing that is not interactive or visible on the display screen.

{ bakgrand präsesi }

background program [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A computer program that has low priority in a multiprogramming system.

{ bakgrand prgrm }

background radiation [NUCLEONICS] The radiation in humans' natural environment, including cosmic rays and radiation from the naturally radioactive elements.Also known as natural radiation.

[PHYSICS] Radiation which is due to sources other than the source of interest in a measurement of radiation and which is detected by the measuring apparatus.

{ bakgrand rdshn }

background reflectance [COMPUTER SCIENCE] The reflectance, relative to a standard, of the surface on which a printed or handwritten character has been inscribed in optical character recognition.

{ bakgrand riflektns }

background returns [ENGINEERING] 1. Signals on a radar screen from objects which are of no interest. 2. See clutter

{ bakgrand ritrnz }

background signal [ENGINEERING] The output of a leak detector caused by residual gas to which the detector element reacts.

{ bakgrand signl }

back gutter [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A gutter installed on the uphill side of a chimney on a sloping roof to divert water around the chimney.

{ bak gdr }

backhand welding [METALLURGY] A welding technique in which the flame is directed back against the completed weld.Also known as backward welding.

{ bakhand weldi }

back-haul [COMMUNICATIONS] Use of excess circuit mileage by routing via switching centers that are not in a direct facility path from an originating office to a terminating office.

{ bak hl }

back hearth [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] That part of the hearth (or floor) which is contained within the fireplace itself. Also known as inner hearth.

{ bak härth }

backhoe [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] An excavator fitted with a hinged arm to which is rigidly attached a bucket that is drawn toward the machine in operation.Also known as backacter; backdigger; dragshovel; pullshovel.

{ bak h }

back holes [MINING ENGINEERING] The holes which are shot last in mine shaft sinking.

{ bak hlz }

backing [CIVIL ENGINEERING] 1. The unexposed, rough masonry surface of a wall that is faced with finer work. 2. The earth backfill of a retaining wall.

[ELECTRONICS] Flexible material, usually cellulose acetate or polyester, used on magnetic tape as the carrier for the oxide coating.

[METALLURGY] See backing strip

[METEOROLOGY] 1. Internationally, a change in wind direction in a counterclockwise sense (for example, south to east) in either hemisphere of the earth. 2. In United States usage, a change in wind direction in a counterclockwise sense in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

[MINING ENGINEERING] Timbers across the top of a level, supported in notches cut in the rock.

{ baki }

backing board [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] In a suspended acoustical ceiling, a flat sheet of gypsum board to which acoustical tile is attached by adhesive or mechanical means.

{ baki brd }

backing brick [CIVIL ENGINEERING] A relatively low-quality brick used behind face brick or other masonry.

{ baki brik }

backing cloth [GRAPHIC ARTS] Fiber material on the reverse side of photographic paper for strength.

{ baki klth }

backing deals [MINING ENGINEERING] Boards, 1-4 inches (2.5-10 centimeters) thick, of sufficient length to bridge the space between timber or steel sets or between rings in skeleton tubbing.

{ baki dlz }

backing off [ENGINEERING] Removing excessive body metal from badly worn bits.

{ baki f }

backing plate [ENGINEERING] A plate used to support the hardware for the cavity used in plastics injection molding.

{ baki plt }

backing pump [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] A vacuum pump, in a vacuum system using two pumps in tandem, which works directly to the atmosphere and reduces the pressure to an intermediate value, usually between 100 and 0.1 pascals.Also known as fore pump.

{ baki pmp }

backing ring [ENGINEERING] A strip of metal attached at a pipe joint at the root of a weld to prevent spatter and to ensure the integrity of the weld.

{ baki ri }

backing space [ENGINEERING] Space between a fore pump and a diffusion pump in a leak-testing system.

{ baki sps }

backing-space technique [ENGINEERING] Testing for leaks by connecting a leak detector to the backing space.

{ baki sps teknk }

backing storage [COMPUTER SCIENCE] A computer storage device whose capacity is larger, but whose access time is slower, than that of the computer's main storage or immediate access storage; usually slower than main storage.Also known as bulk storage.

{ baki strij }

backing strip [METALLURGY] A piece of metal, asbestos, or other nonflammable material placed behind a joint to facilitate welding.Also known as backing.

{ baki strip }

backing up [CIVIL ENGINEERING] In masonry, the laying of backing brick.

[GRAPHIC ARTS] The process of printing on the reverse side of a printed sheet.

{ baki p }

back jamb See backlining

{ bak jam }

backjoint [CIVIL ENGINEERING] In masonry, a rabbet such as that made on the inner side of a chimneypiece to receive a slip.

{ bakjint }

backlands [GEOLOGY] A section of a river floodplain lying behind a natural levee.

{ baklanz }

backlash [DESIGN ENGINEERING] The amount by which the tooth space of a gear exceeds the tooth thickness of the mating gear along the pitch circles.

[ELECTRONICS] A small reverse current in a rectifier tube caused by the motion of positive ions produced in the gas by the impact of thermoelectrons.

[ENGINEERING] 1. Relative motion of mechanical parts caused by looseness. 2. The difference between the actual values of a quantity when a dial controlling this quantity is brought to a given position by a clockwise rotation and when it is brought to the same position by a counterclockwise rotation.

{ baklash }

backlight [GRAPHIC ARTS] A spotlight that illuminates from behind so that the subject is separated from the background; used in photography.

{ baklt }

backlimb [GEOLOGY] Of the two limbs of an asymmetrical anticline, the one that is more gently dipping.

{ baklim }

backlining [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] 1. A thin strip which lines a window casing, next to the wall and opposite the pulley stile, and provides a smooth surface for the working of the weighted sash. Also known as back boxing; back jamb. 2. That piece of framing forming the back recess for boxing shutters.

[GRAPHIC ARTS] Paper strip that is cemented to a book's backbone to bind the signatures and permit space between the backbone and the cover.

{ baklni }

back lintel [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A lintel which supports the backing of a masonry wall, as opposed to the lintel supporting the facing material.

{ bak lintl }

back lobe [ELECTROMAGNETISM] The three-dimensional portion of the radiation pattern of a directional antenna that is directed away from the intended direction.

{ bak lb }

backlog [INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING] 1. An accumulation of orders promising future work and profit. 2. An accumulation of unprocessed materials or unperformed tasks.

{ bakläg }

backmarsh [ECOLOGY] Marshland formed in poorly drained areas of an alluvial floodplain.

{ bakmärsh }

back mixing [CHEMICAL ENGINEERING] The tendency of reacted chemicals to intermingle with unreacted feed in reactors, such as stirred tanks, packed towers, and baffled tanks.

{ bak miksi }

back nailing [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] Nailing the plies of a built-up roof to the substrate to prevent slippage.

{ bak nli }

back nut [DESIGN ENGINEERING] 1. A threaded nut, one side of which is dished to retain a grommet; used in forming a watertight pipe joint. 2. A locking nut on the shank of a pipe fitting, tap, or valve.

{ bak nt }

back off [ENGINEERING] 1. To unscrew or disconnect. 2. To withdraw the drill bit from a borehole. 3. To withdraw a cutting tool or grinding wheel from contact with the workpiece.

{ bak f }

back order [INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING] 1. An order held for future completion. 2. A new order placed for previously unavailable materials of an old order.

{ bak rdr }

backout [AEROSPACE ENGINEERING] An undoing of previous steps during a countdown, usually in reverse order.

[COMPUTER SCIENCE] To remove a change that was previously made in a computer program.

[METALLURGY] Process of nullifying the effect of positive electrical potentials occurring in an anodic area in a cathodic protection system.

{ bakat }

backplane [ELECTRONICS] A wiring board, usually constructed as a printed circuit, used in microcomputers and minicomputers to provide the required connections between logic, memory, input/output modules, and other printed circuit boards which plug into it at right angles.

{ bakpln }

backplastering [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A coat of plaster applied to the back side of lath, opposite the finished surface.

{ bakplastri }

backplate [BUILDING CONSTRUCTION] A plate, usually metal or wood, which serves as a backing for a structural member.

{ bakplt }

backplate lamp holder [DESIGN ENGINEERING] A lamp holder, integrally mounted on a plate, which is designed for screwing to a flat surface.

{ bakplt lamp hldr }

back porch [ELECTRONICS] The period of time in a television circuit immediately following a synchronizing pulse during which the signal is held at the instantaneous amplitude corresponding to a black area in the received picture.

{ bak prch }

back pressure [MECHANICAL ENGINEERING] Resistance transferred from rock into the drill stem when the bit is being fed at a faster rate than the bit can cut.

[MECHANICS] Pressure due to a force that is operating in a direction opposite to that being considered, such as that of a fluid flow.

{ bak preshr }

back-pressure curve [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] A graph used to arrive at the capacity of a natural-gas well to deliver gas into a pipeline at a sustained rate; uses data from back-pressure testing.

{ bak preshr krv }

back-pressure-relief port [ENGINEERING] In a plastics extrusion die, an opening for the release of excess material.

{ bak preshr rilf prt }

back-pressure testing [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] Method of estimating open-flow capacity of natural-gas wells by relating a series of gas-flow rates and their corresponding stabilized pressures at the bottom of the well bore.

{ bak preshr testi }

back-pressure valve [PETROLEUM ENGINEERING] A check valve installed in a natural- gas well bore to shut off gas flow while replacing the blowout preventer (used during drilling) with a christmas tree piping arrangement, which controls gas flow out of the completed well.

{ bak preshr valv }

back putty [MATERIALS] The bedding of glazing compound which is placed between the face of glass and the frame or sash containing it. Also known as bed glazing.

{ bak pd }

Technical Terms - Termini tecnici in inglese relativi al vetro

Annealing – The process of cooling a piece of glass to remove stress. This is done between the cooling of the glass from 1000° degrees Fahrenheit down to 600°degrees Fahrenheit.

Annealing Temperature – Also known as the annealing point. It is the stress-relief point during the cooling phase of glass fusing.

Annealing Zone - The temperature, at the upper end of the annealing range. It is at located at the beginning of the softening stage and ending at the strain point.

Art Glass - Colored glass used in glass fusing and stained glass. It may have certain properties required for fusing.

Bails – Arched hooplike pieces that are attached to glass pieces, allowing you to hang the glass piece on a chain or link it to another object.

Bead Release – Used to coat mandrels when making a hole in glass.

Bent - Another term for slumped glass. When glass has been heated in a kiln so that it softens and slumps into or over an object

Blank - The bottom layer of glass on which other pieces of glass are placed before fusing.

Break – When glass separates and becomes two or more pieces.

Breaking Pliers – Used like your hands to break off glass at the score line.

Brittle Zone - Also referred to as the cold zone. This is from room temperature to about 900 degrees Fahrenheit.

Burnout - Pre-firing material in a vented kiln to remove any undesired contaminants.

Canes - A string or rod of glass created by pulling and stretching molten glass from both ends.

Casting Glass - There are various ways to achieve casting glass. From melting frit to pouring hot molten glass into a mold to achieve a particular shape, each method is unique and different.

Ceramic Fiber Insulation - A refractory material that is made from spun fibers.

Chap Stick/Bees Wax - Used to protect marks that are made on glass. This protection will keep the mark in place when grinding or using a glass saw.

Circle Cutter - Scores ovals and circles on flat glass. It is easy to operate and has a suction cup that secures the cutter to the glass.

Cold Combing - The process of achieving the look of combing without working inside a hot kiln.

Cold Working – Working with or changing glass in its natural state. This could involve sanding, grinding, drilling, or sandblasting.

Combing - When a rake like tool is pulled across molten glass to create patterns.

Compatible - Glass is compatible if it has the same COE, and if after firing and annealing properly it remains relatively free from internal stress.

Confetti – Thin shard of glass used to add shading and design. Also referred to as shards.

Controller - The device on the kiln that helps control the temperature. It could be manual or digital.

Crash Cooling - The act of opening the kiln after firing to release heat and freeze the project to keep it from fusing further.

Cutter - The technical term for this would be glass cutter. This is a tool consisting of a handle and a beveled cutting wheel.

Cutter Oil – A high-viscosity fluid used with a glass cutter. The oil keeps the wheel clean of dust and glass chips, which increases the life of the cutter.

Devitrification - A crystalline substance that appears as a foam or dull finish on the surface of some glasses when heated above 1000° F. This is caused by the glass going through a change in the texture from glassy to crystalline.

Devitrification Spray - This spray is applied to the surface of glass before firing to avoid devitrification and helps to give the piece a shiny exterior.

Diamond Hand Pads - The most popular type of diamond polishing pads. A type of hand finishing tool that is used when the circumstances call for polishing by hand.

Dichroic Glass - This Technical term is derived from two Greek roots, "di" for two and "chroma" for color. So "dichroic" literally means "two-colored." This glass appears to be diverse colors when viewed from different angles. It is created by adding a thin layer of metallic oxides to glass. It transmits certain light wavelengths while reflecting others, causing an iridescent effect.

Dust Mask – Fits over your nose and mouth to protect you from breathing in harmful dust, or glass particles.

Elements - Wires inside the kiln that produce heat. They are usually made from a metal alloy called Kanthal

Enamels - This technical term refers to a paint made from finely ground glass and pigments that can be used to add color. Then they are fired on to the glass.

Fiber Board – This material can be cut to make shelves, kiln posts, or molds. This material is ver versatile for creating projects in glass fusing.

Fiber Paper – Thicker than thin shelf paper,used to protect the kiln shelf and for making channels in glass. Can be used many times.

Fiber Rope – Fiber rope is generally used to keep a space open when fusing glass.

Fine Silver Wire - This wire can withstand the temperatures inside the kiln. Once cleaned it will shine up to bright silver after it is fused.

Fire Polishing Fused Glass - Heating glass to the point where the edges round and it has a shiny appearance.

Firing Log - Log of various firing schedules. Assists in understanding what has happened in past procedures.

Firing Schedule - Written details of the times and rates of heating and cooling during a particular cycle.

Fit - Compatible glass is said to "fit" each other.

Flash Venting - Opening the kiln door or lid during the firing process to stop the process.

Float Glass – Commonly known as window glass. It has been created by flowing molten glass on a bed of hot tin. This causes it to have a shiny polished surface on both sides of the glass.

Fluid Zone - Also referred to as molten zone. Glass becomes fluid like and can flow. This occurs above 1350 degrees Fahrenheit. Fusing of the glass occurs around 1500 - 1600 degrees Fahrenheit.

Freeze and Fuse – The process of mixing powder glass and water in a flexible mold, freeze and then fired in a kiln. The technical term for this procedure is "pate-de-verre"

Frit – Glass that has been broken or ground into smaller pieces. It usually comes in different sizes, coarse, medium, fine, or powder.

Frit Casting - Filling a mold with frit and heating it until the frit fused into a solid mass.

Fritting/Sintering - The process of creating frit.

Full Fusing – Heating two or more pieces of glass until the melt and flow together.

Furniture - Ceramic posts used in a kiln for shelves or glass.

Fused Glass - This Technical term refers to specially designed glass that has been fused or melted together in a kiln.

Fusing Glass/Warm Glass - These technical terms refer to the heating of glass through the use of a kiln. This causes the glass to melt together into one piece of glass

Fusing Gloves - Gloves used to pick up hot glass and for opening up your kiln while it is in the fusing process.

Fusing Glues – These technical terms are liquids used to hold glass pieces in place while transferring them from your work place to the kiln shelf.

Glass Casting Molds – Molds that are used for the various glass casting techniques.

Glass Cleaner - Any commercial ammonia-free glass cleaning product, soap and water or vinegar. Always use a lint-free towel when drying glass.

Glass Compatibility – The technical term for making sure that every piece of your glass expands and contracts at the same temperature.

Glass Cutter - Used to score (scratch) the glass. See cutter above.

Glass Paints - Pigments, powdered or liquid glass paints applied to a glass surface

Glass Saw - Used to cut any glass shape out of any type of glass, quickly and with minimum glass waste.

Glassline Paints – Paints designed for applying color either between layers of glass or on top of glass.

Gold Pen – Pre-filled pens for adding fine trim, detailed designs, enhancing and personalizing your glass.

Goggles - Used to protect your eyes while working with glass. Not used during firing techniques, will not protect against glare, ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

Grinder – Electrical tool that is used for the precision shaping of glass.

Grinding - Using an abrasive wheel on a grinder to smoother or shape the edges of glass.

Groze – The process of filing or chipping away small of glass.

Grozing Pliers – Used for chipping away small areas of glass. They have small serrated teeth.

Haik Brush – Used to apply shelf primer to kiln shelves and molds.

Hard Glass – A glass of high viscosity at elevated temperatures. Has a high softening point and is difficult to melt.

High Temperature Gloves - Safety gloves worn when hand are exposed to dangerous temperatures.

High Temperature Wire – The technical term for this would be High temperature wire. Rated at 2000' Fahrenheit. High-temperature wire is sometimes used for making connections in fused glass jewelry. This wire will hold up to fusing temperatures, but will fire scale a bit and turn almost gray.

Hot Glass - Working with or manipulating glass while it is in a molten condition.

Inclusions - Any object fused between two layers of glass.

Iridescent - A surface treatment where a metallic oxide is bonded to the glass while the surface is hot. This causes the surface of glass to reflect a rainbow like color.

Jewelry Findings - Everything you need for jewelry making.

Jewelry Glue – For glass projects most people use E6000 or two part epoxy glue.

Kemper Fluid Writer Pen – Used to write or draw on glass with a liquid medium.

Kiln – Thermally insulated chambers, usually made out of fire bricks.

Kiln Carving – Using ceramic fiber paper to imprint a design into glass.

Kiln Forming – Using a kiln to heat and form glass.

Kiln Posts – These are put under your kiln shelf to raise it up. They are good for high temperatures have fluted sides and a hole in the center.

Kiln Shelf – These can come in different sizes and shapes and should be purchased to fit your kiln. They come in round, half round, rectangular, square, multi sided, hexagonal, octagonal, 10 sided and 12 sided. You place your items on this when you are going to fire them in the kiln.

Kiln Sitter - A devise that is set to automatically regulate the temperature inside a kiln.

Kiln Wash – This is a refractory powder that can be mixed with water and painted on kilns, kiln shelves and molds to prevent glass and accidental glaze drips from sticking.

Laminate - Using heat to bond glass to the point of just sticking together.

Liquid Stringer - A unique gel that you can mix with any brand or form of crushed glass, frits, powders or enamels before firing. It is a clean burning, water soluble binder.

Lost Wax Method - A glass casting process where wax is used to make a mold.

Mandrel - Used to maintain an opening in glass. This channel is usually for a necklace opening.

Millefiori - Tiny circles of glass used for embellishments.

Molds - Used for glass slumping, and fusing. They can be used to make jewelry, plates, bowls, etc. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

Morton Products – A commercial line of glass cutting products.

Mosaic Cutter – Used for cutting up thick pieces of glass.

Needle Points - Sharp pieces on the edge of glass that are formed when the contracting glass sticks to parts of the kiln wash.

Noodles - Long flat and broad pieces of glass. These look a lot like fettuccine. They can be broken into smaller pieces for decorations, and used as accents in fusing.

Painted Glass - Glass that has been painted with special paints then heated in a kiln hot enough to fuse the pigments into the glass.

Pate de Verre - Powdered glass is mixed with a liquid to form a paste and then spread or molded into a decorative design and fired in a kiln.

Pattern Bar - A bundle of glass that has been fused together to form a solid shape.

Pattern Slices - Thin slices cut off a pattern bar.

Peep Hole – A small opening in the kiln used for observation of glass during firing process.

Pliable Zone - Also referred to as the workable zone. Glass will begin to slump or move from about 1250 degrees Fahrenheit to 1350 degrees Fahrenheit. This is the zone where glass slumping occurs.

Powders - Glass that has been ground into a fine powder. It can be used to decorate glass before fusing, mixed with liquid stringer and used as paint, or mixed with water and used in the Freeze and Fuse method.

Prefire Adhesive - Glue that can be used to hold glass in place before firing.

Pyrometer - A high-temperature thermometer that measures the heat inside a kiln.

Ramp Time - The time required for the kiln temperature to increase or decrease. The amount of time stated in each step of a firing schedule for your kiln to go from its current temperature to the next indicated set point, in consistent degrees per minute.

Ramps - This term refers to the rapid heating cycles.

Reaching Tongs – Used to reach far into your kiln to put in or remove items. They are also great for picking up and working with hot items in the kiln. They have serrated tips that help in grabbing your item. These are made from stainless steel.

Refractory - This is high temperature brick that is used to construct ovens or kilns for melting glass.

Rigidizer - A chemical added to certain ceramic fibers to bind them into a solid state.

Ripple - The surface texture on glass. It usually consists of irregular bumps and valleys.

Rods - Cylindrical pencil-thick glass. They come in a wide range of colors and different COEs.

Run – When the glass begins to break at one edge and runs to the other edge.

Running Pliers – Used to control the breaking of glass. They are placed on the edge of the glass and when squeezed, the pressure causes the glass to break.

Safety Glasses - Safety glasses provide protection against glare, ultraviolet and infrared radiation. If they fit close to your face, they can be used during glass cutting.

Sagging Process – Heating glass until it sags and conforms to the shape of the form on which it rests.

Sand Casting - Pouring molten glass into a mold made out of sand.>/p>

Score Line – A light scratch on the surface of glass when the cutter is pressed against the glass and then drawn or pushed across the surface.

Seeds - Air bubbles that are trapped in glass during the manufacturing process.

Set Point - A goal temperature of the kiln in any given step of a firing schedule.

Shards - Glass that has been cut or broken from a sheet of glass. Also referred to as confetti.

Shelf Paper – Sometimes referred to as "Fire Paper" or "Shelf Release Paper" it is thinner than fiber paper and is used to protect glass from sticking to objects inside the kiln.

Shelf Primer – Used to keep glass from sticking to kiln shelf. Sometimes called kiln wash.

Shotgun Annealing - The process of taking glass through different annealing points.

Side-firing Kiln - The elements have been placed around the sides of the inside of the kiln.

Slumped Glass – Placing glass piece over a mold and heating it causing the glass to slowly soften and conform to the shape.

Slumping – Heating glass and shaping it over or into a mold.

Soak - To hold the kiln at a steady temperature for a specific length of time.

Soak Time - The length of time to hold the temperature of the kiln at a certain set point or temperature before continuing to the next step.

Soft Shoe Brush – Used to clean your work surface after cutting glass.

Softening Point - The point at which glass when heated starts to soften and bend.

Stacking - The layering sheets of glass to create patterns or images.

Strain Point - This is the lowest annealing temperature. If there is any stress in the glass at this point, it is permanent.

Stress - The tension in glass that could cause it to break.

Stringers – Smaller thin round rods of glass that are approximately 1.5 mm thick. They look a lot like spaghetti. They can also be broken into smaller pieces and used for decoration or accents in fusing.

Tack Fusing - Fusing glass until it just sticks together. Each piece still retains its individual character.

Tested Compatible - Glass that has been tested and marked prior to sale to guarantee the compatibility with other glass with the same COE.

Texture Fire - Fusing glass to the point where it is bonded and the texture remains on the individual pieces.

Textured Glass - A rolled texture is imprinted on the glass as the sheet is being formed. A natural texture is created without mechanical inducing. A cold glass texture includes etching or any surface treatment performed on room temperature glass.

Thermal Shock - Breakage that occurs in glass because of rapid heating or cooling.

Thermocouple - The probe of a pyrometer. It is inserted into the kiln to measure the temperature.

Timer - Used to remind you to look at your piece of glass while firing. This clock needs to have an alarm.

Top Firing Kiln - The elements are placed in the lid of the kiln.

Transitional Zone - Glass begins to change from about 900 degrees Fahrenheit to 1250 degrees Fahrenheit. The strain point is at the lower end of this temperature, while the upper end is where the softening point and the annealing point are somewhere between.

Venting - The process of opening the kiln lid or door during the fusing process.

Viscosity - A liquid's internal resistance to flowing.

Vitrigraph - The act of maneuvering molten glass as it flow from the bottom of a raised and supported kiln.

Wedge Venting - Using a wedge of 1/2 inch to 1 inch to vent the kiln during firing.

Wet Felt - Soaking a ceramic-fiber with rigidizer and using it for mold making.

Wire Wrapping - The act of using wire to enhance a piece of artwork.

Wire Wrapping Tools - The use of tools to bind and twist wires together. Some of the tools used include pliers
and wire cutters.

Dizionario - glossario di termini tecnici in inglese Glossary of technical terms

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